Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

Labor force in general and employment in particular are among the critical economic issues. In Iran's economy, employment is a major concern of economic policy-makers. The investigation of the trend of employment in the country as well as in different regions involves accurate information about the potentials and capabilities of different areas and their configurations. These will reader planning for balanced employment in each region possible. The present study aims to determine: the employment status of the sectors and major activity groups of cities in Iran during 1372 and 1382. To do so, "Shift-SHARE method" was applied to distinguish sectors enjoying a RELATIVE advantage and completive power. Appling LQ index, those basic sectors which were able to export their words force were detected.The results of the study indicate that, among the ten activity sectors, the sectors of the study indicate that, among the ten activity sectors, the sectors of mining, construction, water, electricity and gas, whole-sales, transportation and financial services are of positive competitive effects, the sector composition effects being positive as well. Based on the above findings, one can conclude that these sectors are expected to play a substantial role in the economy of the country in future. The study also revealed that in 1372, all of the above sectors except agriculture and mining were among the basic groups sectors.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean RELATIVE yield and RELATIVE yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

The objective of this study is to investigate functional fixation hypothesis in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Functional fixation hypothesis will be study from different approaches. In this study, we first examine above hypothesis by investigating relationship between positive change of earnings per SHARE and SHARE price, second, by relationship between earnings management and SHARE price. Sample of study are 100 firms during a 6- year period from 2005 to 2011. Using correlation method and multiple linear regression technique, the results of this study show that there is a positive relation between positive change of earnings per SHARE and SHARE price. Research evidence also show a positive relation between earnings management and SHARE price. This issue confirm functional fixation hypothesis in TSE.

The communities of the Kura- Araxes cultural complex with their highly distinctive cultural and economic features represent the occupation of some parts of the Near East and Caucasia during the Bronze Age.  Generally, the origin of this culture is sought in the Southern Caucasus. In Iran, the spread of this cultural tradition represents not only a rupture in the cultural development of the Mesopotamian traditions. Environmental changes linked to Rapid Climate Change (RCC) also forced the population to develop new economic strategies. Until about two decades ago, knowledge of the flourishing Kura Araxes occupation was limited to the north-west of the country and to some parts of the Central Zagros, but recent research in the zones south and north of the Alborz Mountain Range, on the northern edge of the Central Plateau allows by now to present a more detailed picture of the Kura Araxes occupation in both diachronic and synchronic perspective. Recent archaeological excavations in the two sites of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe revealed some important new data from Kura-Araxes settlements in the corridor of the north Central Plateau and northwestern Iran. The two sites are located in the eastern Zanjan Province in the Abhar Rood Basin. This paper aims to update the chronology of the Kura-Araxes culture based on the radiocarbon dates from the two sites of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe. The stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates of the two sites reveal the beginning of the Kura-Araxes culture in the region from c. 2900 BCE, followed by a quick extension into the northern Central Plateau, where it is represented by sites such as Shizar, Doranabad, Ostur, and Barlekin. Similarity and diversity characterize the Kura-Araxes cultural complex.  However, based on the current data, the ceramic style represents a common feature, but also the architectural remains indicate a common cultural tradition during the first quarter of the third millennium BCE in the Central Zagros, northwestern Iran, and on the Central Plateau

In this paper to evaluate the comparative advantage of ISLC two digit code manufactured commodities in Iran, two indexes of comparative shift analysis and symmetric revealed comparative advantage in 2002 to 2006 were used. Then, using taxonomy analysis method the two indexes were combined and the manufactured goods with comparative advantage were specified. The results showed that in turncoke producing industries-oil refinery (23), chemical materials and products (24), and mine and non-metal products (26) had the highest advantage and administrative machinery products (30) and medical and opticalequipments (33) had the lowest.

SHARE redemption occurs when a company rebuys its SHAREs at a specific time after it had sold them to another party. After redemption, these SHAREs transform into treasury SHAREs and will remain as such until resold again. The ways of redemption which effect SHAREholders’ rights include: Repurchase from Market, Off-Market Repurchase, Fixed Price Tender Offer Repurchase and Dutch Auction. The redemption has an influence on SHARE’ s financial and management rights and the company, as the treasury SHAREs’ owner will lose most of its SHAREs’ rights by explicit stipulation of acts and most legal principles.